NIKOLAEV AND YAKUTIA (Николаев и Якутия)
Ministry of Education RS (Yakutia)
The Yakut state university name M.K. Ammosova
Physicotechnical institute
Power faculty
REFERAT
On a theme: NIKOLAEV AND YAKUTIA
Has executed:
students of group ЭО-01
Vasil’ev M., Archaxov F., Mixailov A.
Has checked up:
Zaxarova E.V.
Yakutsk 2002.
THE CONTENTS
History ……………………………………………….…………………………………… 4
A few words about richness ………………………………………………. 5
Sovereignity …………………………………………………………………………… 6
Economic relations ………………………………………………………………... 8
Mikhail Nikolaev …………………………………………………………………... 10
The conclusion ………………………………………………………………………. 11
The used literature …………………………………………………………………… 14
Yakutia is a well-known place in the world since ancient time. But Republic of Yakutia has received its own flag and stamp only recently, with receiving of true sovereignity. In opinion of majority of Republic citizens, both of state symbols most conciseness express historical destiny of Yakutia native people, their present day, their future and nature of the north country.
Present sovereign Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is an exporter and importer of goods production. But first of all a few words about history.
HISTORY
Beginning from the 17th century, with coming of Cossackslandwalders to the Lena river, the “Lena area”, as they called Yakutia, attracted attention of Russian tzars, and their close surrounding. Of course, attention of Russian authorities to Yakutia was called by political and economical matters in difference of attention of scientists, travellers, men of letters.
Union of new lands, need in famous Yakutian fur, which was carrying off abroad, to European and Asian countries, filling up the state treasure, were necessary. Economic potention of Yakutia especially in the 20th century, grew exceedingly, although it continued to serve as pantry of natural richnesses only.
A FEW WORDS ABOUT RICHNESS
Before this time richness of sakha people was cattle and its products, such as meat, milk and butter. Besides of this, it was nature: sakha, evenks, evens, jukagirs and local Russians, they were rigorous and silent, and nourished to nature the most tender feeling, used its gifts in necessary degree to live in these austere conditions. Furs were used only for practice. But in other hand, with sewing of clothes esthetical feeling of the people was manifested, they decorated their clothes with patterns, beads, other fur.
In the first half of the 17th century fairies appeared on the northeast, and beginning in June 25,1768 a decree of Senate on instituting of official fairies in Irkutsk, Yakutsk, Udinsk was adopted, Astonishing fact was the quantity of merchants of second and third guilde, in Yakutsk in 1823 they were 43, in Olyekminsk they were 10, in Vilyuisk – 8.
That’s why in the end of the 19th century Yakutian merchants traded on huge area not only in the area of north-east, they had exited to Japan, China, and other countries. In the 20th century famous merchant families gathered put together, such as Averenskie, Astrafhantsevy, Molotcovy, Nikiforovy, and many others.
SOVEREIGNITY
Today, when the Republic of Sakha stands enough firmly on the base of sovereignity, it has possibility to trade itself with different states. The Republic is establishing international political and economic relations with its foreign partners, a number of intergovernmental agreements with countries of CIS and foreign countries were signed. Constant and Trade Representations of the Republic of Sakha were created in Latvia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, in several regions of Russian Federation.
There is almost all the Mendeleev table in Yakutia. Not in vain our ancestry made a proverb: “Nobody can desolate to bottom the chest of nature…” On the other hand Mikhail Nikolaev is right saying: “we must extract, produce and sell such quantity of production, that Yakutian will live in security”. In his work “Yakutia on the border of centuries” he stresses, that “it is necessary for the Republic to be directed on European countries, and especially to countries of Asian and Pacific ocean regions”.
First Yakutian jewelry plant give its production. In 1992 it gave products for 10 million roubles per day, now is achieved much more high level. There are things of gold, diamond, silver. Add to this fur, mamont bone, foal meat, deer meat, wood, coal, gas and so on. Republic of Sakha has something to offer to foreign customer,, and it can support our cultural connections, which have deep tradition, is coming of delegation of 47 people from brother-town Muroyama (Japan), the delegation carried out a number of important appointment, including appointment with the head of Yakutsk Alexey Tomtosov, rector of the university Vasily Philipov and others. Delegations from Austria, Great Britain, China, the USA and other countries desire visitors us.
ECONOMIC RELATIONS
But distinct character of our present connections must be mutually beneficial economical relations. The Republic has worked out 22 state and complex programmes of development, including almost all spheres of life and activity of population, and branches of economy and culture. Each of them requires large investments and provides their realization with taking part of other foreign firms, companies and countries. Change of Republican economy character (from extracting industry to processing one is planned by foreign firms.
There are first signs of such cooperation. Austrian firms have built Medical center and non-alcohol squashes plant in Yakutsk. Swatzer MABETEXGRUPP, having built milk plant has built House of Maternity and childhood protection. Canadian builders have “Canadian village” of 37 cottages with autonomous provision for talented children of the Republic. State company of Foreign Trade SAKHAVNESHOPTTORG was established in the Republic, president of the Company is Andrew Popov. Having special divisions, SAKHAVNESHOPTTORG imports wood processing equipment, machines and tools for building, technological conveyers on processing of meat, fish, milk, newest medical technique and medicines, leading medical technology, transport. means, clothes and shoes for all seasons, food and other goods.
Export division is standing on its feet, too. SAKHAVNESHOPTTORG does operates on a number of main positions. They export to external market large sawing wood, timber, sawing materials, fur: squirrel, ermine, sable, for: production of deer-breeding: pants (spring horns), broken horns, organs of northern deer, energetic coal and so on. Having such firms as SAKHABULT, SAKHALES, SAKHAAS, YAKUTALMAS, YAKUTUGOL and other, our Republic will consolidate economical, trade and cultural connections with other countries.
Many positive developments in the economy and culture of the region are justifiably linked with the name of the first President of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Mikhail Nikolaev. The stable situation in the Republic, the mutual understanding and co-operation with the leadership and regions of Russia, with the countries of the CIS and the “far abroad” – owe much to him. In December 1993 he was elected deputy to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. The President of Russia, Boris Yeltsin, rated highly Mikhail Nikolaev as President of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).
MIKHAIL NIKOLAEV
On 20 December 1991 Mikhail Nikolaev was elected the president of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). In his remarks to the citizens of the Republic on the third anniversary of the declaration of sovereignty of the Republic he stressed that “the constructive policies of the Republic of Sakha for solving its internal problems and also for its relations with the Russian Federation are attracting the attention of the Federation’s sub>jects and raise the authority of the Republic inside as well as outside of it borders…”
During two years since the December 1991 elections Yakutians have been able to satisfy themselves that the political goals of the Republic are achieving at ensuring the well-being of the people and welfare safety net for the population at a difficult stage in the development of market economy. These policies have as their fundamental goal the rebirth of the multinational people of the republic and the strengthening of the centuries old traditional ties with Russia.
Elected by all the people, the first President of the Republic of Sakha, Mikhail Nikolaev, has become the acknowledged leader of the peoples of Yakutia through his practical efforts for the good of the northern peoples. Many things have been achieved. Chief among them – the shaping and strengthening of the Republic of Sakha as a sovereign state within Russia, the signing the Federal Agreement, signing of the agreement on economic co-operation with the Russian Federation, as a result of which the Republic received the right to dispose of 20 per cent of gem-grade diamonds, 100 per cent of industrial diamonds, 12 per cent of gold and other resources. An agreement has been signed clarifying the status of state property, belonging both to the Republic of Sakha and to the Russian Federation, and providing for the creation of budget tax levies. The Republic of Sakha has adopted the Constitution. With the active support of the president, the foundations were being set for the development of production capacity, 950 enterprises have been put on a new management basis, more than 2.700 farms have been established, diamond cutting was being developed, as well as other processing industries.
THE CONCLUSION
Today, the Republic of Sakha has its own constitution and its own president. Sakha has embarked on the path of sovereign, equal and independent development. It follows that, from now, it will find its own solutions to social, economic and cultural problems. It offers to co-operate with other peoples on the basis of equal relations in trade, science, politics and culture. Its freedom, newly won, will enable the potential of the Sakha people as a whole, and of each individual, to flower fully. Like the culture of other nation, the culture of Sakha brings its own special contribution to world culture. The granite monument in Moscow to Aleksey Kulakovsky, founder of Yakut literature, is testimony to this.
There are many differences between our nations. But there are many common things, too. Every morning sun rise in the East, its rays illuminate snow ridges of Yakutia, reflecting in waves of its full-watered reverse, and roaming in unlimited taiga, these rays carry their light and warmness to the West. We are one of the nations in the planet, who meet sun first of all people. We meet sun with hope of peace, harmony and kind human relations.
The used literature:
1. State Company of External Trade SAKHAVNESHOPTTRG Instituted by Decree of Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) President from 21.07.92.
2. Yakutia - Russia: 370 years together. NKI “Bichik” Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), 2002.