Качество стали

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1. ╩Ó¸Õ±‗Ô¯ ±‗ÓÙÞ ¯´­ÕõÕÙ Õ‗±  ±¯õÕ­µÓÝÞÕý Ô­Õõݹ§ ´­ÞýÕ±ÕÚ..

╬±Ý¯ÔÝ¹Õ Ô­ÕõÝ¹Õ ´­ÞýÕ±Þ - ²‗¯ ±Õ­Ó Þ ¶¯±¶¯­. ÊÓÛ µÕ Û Ô­Õõݹý ´­ÞýÕ± ý ¯‗ݯ± ‗±  ÒÓþ¹ ( Óþ¯‗, ÛÞ±Ù¯­¯õ, Ô¯õ¯­¯õ ).

ÐÕ­Ó - Ô­ÕõÝÓ  ´­ÞýÕ±³ - ´¯´ÓõÓÕ‗ Ô ±‗ÓÙ³ ÒÙÓÔݹý ¯ß­Óþ¯ý ± Þ±§¯õ- ݹý ±¹­³©ý - ¸¾Ò¾Ý¯ý. ±Õ­Ó ÝÕ­Ó±‗Ô¯­ÞýÓ Ô µÕÙÕþÕ, ¯ÝÓ ¯ß­Óþ¾Õ‗ ± ÝÞý ±¯ÕõÞÝÕÝÞÕ FeS - ±¾Ù³¶Þõ µÕÙÕþÓ. ´­Þ ÔþÓÞý¯õÕÚ±‗ÔÞÕý ± µÕÙÕþ¯ý ¯ß­Óþ¾- Õ‗±  ²Ô‗ÕÛ‗ÞÛÓ ( Fe + FeS ) ± ‗Õý´Õ­Ó‗¾­¯Ú ´ÙÓÔÕÝÞ  988⁰ Ð. ¤¯²‗¯ý¾ ´­Þ ÝÓÒ­ÕÔÕ ±‗Óٳݹ§ þÓÒ¯‗¯Ô¯Û õÙ  ´ÙÓ±‗Þ¸Õ±Û¯Ú õÕ¯­ýÓ÷ÞÞ Ô¹°Õ 900⁰ Ð ±‗Ó- Ù³ ±‗ÓݯÔÞ‗±  §­¾´Û¯Ú. ¤­Þ Ò¯­ ¸ÕÚ ´ÙÓ±‗Þ¸Õ±Û¯Ú õÕ¶¯­ýÓ÷ÞÞ þÓÒ¯‗¯ÔÛÓ

­Óþ­¾°ÓÕ‗± . ¦‗¯  ÔÙÕÝÞÕ ÝÓþ¹ÔÓÕ‗±  ۭӱݯٯýÛ¯±‗³■. ╬õÝÞý Þþ ±´¯±¯ß¯Ô

¾ýÕݳ°ÕÝÞ  ÔÙÞ ÝÞ  ±Õ­¹  ÔÙ Õ‗±  ÔÔÕõÕÝÞÕ ýÓ­ÒÓÝ÷Ó. ЯÕõÞÝÕÝÞÕ Mns

´ÙÓÔÞ‗±  ´­Þ 1620⁰ Ð, ²‗Þ ÔÛÙ■¸ÕÝÞ  ´ÙÓ±‗޸ݹ Þ ÝÕ Ô¹þ¹ÔÓ■‗ ۭӱݯٯý- Û¯±‗Þ.

ЯõÕ­µÓÝÞÕ ±Õ­¹ Ô ±‗ÓÙ § õ¯´¾±ÛÓÕ‗±  ÝÕ ß¯ÙÕÕ 0.06%.

ȯ±¶¯­ ´¯´ÓõÓÕ‗ Ô ±‗ÓÙ³ ÒÙÓÔݹý ¯ß­Óþ¯ý ‗ÓÛµÕ ± Þ±§¯õݹý ¸¾Ò¾Ý¯ý,

Þ±´¯Ù³þ¾Õý¹ý ‗ÓÛµÕ õÙ  Ô¹´ÙÓÔÛÞ ±‗ÓÙÞ. ─¯ 1.2% ¶¯±¶¯­ ­Ó±‗Ô¯­ Õ‗±  Ô

¶Õ­­Þ‗Õ, ¾ýÕݳ°Ó  ÕÒ¯ ´ÙÓ±‗޸ݯ±‗³. ȯ±¶¯­ ¯ßÙÓõÓÕ‗ ߯ٳ°¯Ú ±ÛÙ¯Ýݯ±-

‗³■ Û ÙÞÛÔÓ÷ÞÞ, ´¯²‗¯ý¾ õÓµÕ ´­Þ ÝÕþÝÓ¸Þ‗Õٳݯý ±­ÕõÝÕý Û¯ÙÞ¸Õ±‗ÔÕ

¶¯±¶¯­Ó Ô ¯‗ÙÞÔÛÕ Ô±ÕÒõÓ ý¯Ò¾‗ ¯ß­Óþ¯ÔÓ‗³±  ¾¸Ó±‗ÛÞ, ߯ÒÓ‗¹Õ ¶¯±¶¯­¯ý.

ðÓ±´¯Ù¯µÕÝÝ¹Ú ÔßÙÞþÞ Ò­ÓÝÞ÷ ¶¯±¶¯­ ´¯Ô¹°ÓÕ‗ ‗Õý´Õ­Ó‗¾­¾ ´Õ­Õ§¯õÓ Ô

§­¾´Û¯Õ ±¯±‗¯ ÝÞÕ ( §ÙÓõݯٯýÛ¯±‗³ ). ¤¯²‗¯ý¾ ¶¯±¶¯­, ÛÓÛ Þ ±Õ­Ó,  ÔÙ - Õ‗±  Ô­ÕõÝ¯Ú ´­ÞýÕ±³■, ±¯õÕ­µÓÝÞÕ ÕÒ¯ Ô ¾ÒÙÕ­¯õÞ±‗¯Ú ±‗ÓÙÞ õ¯´¾±ÛÓÕ‗±  õ¯ 0.050%.

ÐÛ­¹‗¹Õ ´­ÞýÕ±Þ:

ÊÓÛ ÝÓþ¹ÔÓ■‗ ´­Þ±¾‗±‗Ô¾■¨ÞÕ Ô ±‗ÓÙÞ ÒÓþ¹ - Óþ¯‗, ÛÞ±Ù¯­¯õ, Ô¯õ¯­¯õ - ÔÔÞõ¾ ±Ù¯µÝ¯±‗Þ ¯´­ÕõÕÙÕÝÞ  Þ§ Û¯ÙÞ¸Õ±‗ÔÓ. ├Óþ¹ ´¯´ÓõÓ■‗ Ô ±‗ÓÙ³ ´­Þ Õ© Ô¹´ÙÓÔÛÞ. ┬ ‗Ô©­õ¯Ú ±‗ÓÙÞ ¯ÝÞ ý¯Ò¾‗ ´­Þ±¾‗±‗Ô¯ÔÓ‗³, ÙÞ߯ ­Ó±‗Ô¯­  ±³ Ô ¶Õ­­Þ‗Õ, ÙÞ߯ ¯ß­Óþ¾  §ÞýÞ¸Õ±Û¯Õ ±¯ÕõÞÝÕÝÞÕ (ÝÞ‗­Þõ¹, ¯Û±Þõ¹ ). ├Óþ¹ ý¯Ò¾‗ ÝÓ§¯õÞ‗³±  Þ Ô ±Ô¯ß¯õݯý ±¯±‗¯ ÝÞÞ Ô ­ÓþÙ޸ݹ§ ÝÕ±´Ù¯°Ý¯±‗ §.

─ÓµÕ Ô ¯¸Õݳ ýÓÙ¹§ Û¯ÙÞ¸Õ±‗ÔÓ§ Óþ¯‗, ÛÞ±Ù¯­¯õ Þ Ô¯õ¯­¯õ ±Þٳݯ ¾§¾õ°Ó■‗ ´ÙÓ±‗Þ¸Õ±ÛÞÕ ±Ô¯Ú±‗ÔÓ ±‗ÓÙÞ. ЯõÕ­µÓÝÞÕ Þ§ Ô ±‗ÓÙÞ õ¯´¾±ÛÓÕ‗± 

10^-2 - 10^-4 %. ┬ ­Õþ¾Ù³‗Ó‗Õ ÔÓÛ¾¾ýÞ­¯ÔÓÝÞ  ±‗ÓÙÞ Þ§ ±¯õÕ­µÓÝÞÕ ¾ýÕݳ°ÓÕ‗- ± , ±Ô¯Ú±‗ÔÓ ¾Ù¾¸°Ó■‗± .

ËÒÙÕ­¯õÞ±‗¹Õ Þݱ‗­¾ýÕÝ‗ÓÙ³Ý¹Õ ±‗ÓÙÞ ß¹ÔÓ■‗ õÔ¾§ ÔÞõ¯Ô: ÛÓ¸Õ±‗ÔÕÝݹÕ

Þ Ô¹±¯Û¯ÛÓ¸Õ±‗ÔÕÝݹÕ.

╩Ó¸Õ±‗ÔÕÝÝ¹Õ ¾ÒÙÕ­¯õÞ±‗¹Õ Þݱ‗­¾ýÕÝ‗ÓÙ³Ý¹Õ ±‗ÓÙÞ ýÓ­ÛÞ­¾■‗ ß¾ÛÔ¯Ú

ô Ë ô ( ¾ÒÙÕ­¯õÞ±‗Ó  ); ±ÙÕõ¾■¨Ó  þÓ ÝÕÚ ÷Þ¶­Ó ( Ë7, Ë8, Ë10 Þ ‗.õ ) ´¯ÛÓ- þ¹ÔÓÕ‗ ±­ÕõÝÕÕ ±¯õÕ­µÓÝÞÕ ¾ÒÙÕ­¯õÓ Ô õÕ± ‗¹§ õ¯Ù § ´­¯÷ÕÝ‗Ó.

┬¹±¯Û¯ÛÛÓ¸Õ±‗ÔÕÝÝ¹Õ ±‗ÓÙÞ õ¯´¯ÙÝÞ‗Õٳݯ ýÓ­ÛÞ­¾■‗±  ß¾ÛÔ¯Ú ô └ ô Ô Û¯Ý÷Õ ( Ë10└ ).

╚ݱ‗­¾ýÕÝ‗ÓÙ³Ý¹Õ ¾ÒÙÕ­¯õÞ±‗¹Õ ±‗ÓÙÞ:

╬ßÙÓõÓ■‗ Ô¹±¯Û¯Ú ‗Ô©­õ¯±‗³■ ( 60-65 HRC ), ´­¯¸Ý¯±‗³■ Þ Þþݯ±¯±‗¯Ú- Û¯±‗³■ Þ ´­ÞýÕÝ ■‗±  õÙ  ÞþÒ¯‗¯ÔÙÕÝÞ  ­ÓþÙ޸ݯү Þݱ‗­¾ýÕÝ‗Ó.

ËÒÙÕ­¯õÞ±‗¹Õ Þݱ‗­¾ýÕÝ‗ÓÙ³Ý¹Õ ±‗ÓÙÞ Ë8 (Ë8└), Ë10 (Ë10└), Ë11 (Ë11└),

Ë12 (Ë12└) Þ Ë13 (Ë13└) Ô±ÙÕõ±‗ÔÞÕ ýÓÙ¯Ú ¾±‗¯Ú¸ÞÔ¯±‗Þ ´Õ­Õ¯§ÙÓµõÕÝݯү

Ó¾±‗ÕÝÞ‗Ó ÞýÕ■‗ ÝÕ߯ٳ°¾■ ´­¯ÛÓÙÞÔ¯Õý¯±‗³, Þ ´¯²‗¯ý¾ ²‗Þ ±‗ÓÙÞ ´­ÞýÕ- Ý ■‗ õÙ  Þݱ‗­¾ýÕÝ‗¯Ô ÝÕ߯ٳ°Þ§ ­ÓþýÕ­¯Ô.

─Ù  ­Õµ¾¨ÕÒ¯ Þݱ‗¾ýÕÝ‗Ó ( ¶­Õþ¹, þÕÝÛÕ­¹, ±Ô©­ÙÓ, ±´Þ­ÓÙ³Ý¹Õ ´ÞÙ¹, °Ó- ßÕ­¹, ݯµ¯ÔÛÞ ­¾¸Ý¹Õ, ÝÓ´ÞÙ³ÝÞÛÞ, ß­Þ‗Ô¹, ¯±‗­¹Ú §Þ­¾­ÒÞ¸Õ±ÛÞÚ Þݱ‗­¾- ýÕÝ‗ Þ ‗.õ ) ¯ß¹¸Ý¯ ´­ÞýÕÝ ■‗ þÓ²Ô‗ÕÛ‗¯ÞõÝ¹Õ ±‗ÓÙÞ ( Ë10, Ë11, Ë12 Þ Ë13 ),

¾ Û¯‗¯­¹§ ´¯±ÙÕ ‗Õ­ýÞ¸Õ±Û¯Ú ¯ß­Ó߯‗ÛÞ ±‗­¾Û‗¾­Ó - ýÓ­‗ÕݱÞ‗ Þ ÛÓ­ßÞõ¹.

─Õ­ÕÔ¯¯ß­ÓßÓ‗¹ÔÓ■¨ÞÚ Þݱ‗­¾ýÕÝ‗, þ¾ßÞÙÓ, ÛÕ­ÝÕ­¹, ߯­¯õÛÞ, ¯‗Ô©­‗ÛÞ,

‗¯´¯­¹ ÞþÒ¯‗¯ÔÙ ■‗ Þþ ±‗ÓÙÕÚ Ë7 Þ Ë8, ÞýÕ■¨Þ§ ´¯±ÙÕ ‗Õ­ýÞ¸Õ±Û¯Ú ¯ß­Ó- ߯‗ÛÞ ‗­¯¯±‗Þ‗ݾ■ ±‗­¾Û‗¾­¾.

ËÒÙÕ­¯õÞ±‗¹Õ ±‗ÓÙÞ Ô Þ±§¯õݯý (¯‗¯µµ©Ýݯý) ±¯±‗¯ ÝÞÞ ÞýÕ■‗ ±‗­¾Û- ‗¾­¾ þÕ­ÝÞ±‗¯Ò¯ ´Õ­ÙÞ‗Ó, ÝÞþÛ¾■ ‗ÔÕ­õ¯±‗³ ( HB 170-180 ) Þ §¯­¯°¯ ¯ß­ÓßÓ-

‗¹ÔÓ■‗±  ­ÕþÓÝÞÕý. ÊÕý´Õ­Ó‗¾­Ó þÓÛÓÙÛÞ ¾ÒÙÕ­¯õÞ±‗¹§ Þݱ‗­¾ýÕÝ‗Óٳݹ§ ±‗ÓÙÕÚ Ë10-Ë13 õ¯ÙµÝÓ ß¹‗³ 760-780 ⁰ Ð, ‗.Õ ÝÕ±Û¯Ù³Û¯ Ô¹°Õ └±_>1> , ݯ ÝÞµÕ

└_>±‗> õÙ  ‗¯Ò¯, ¸‗¯ß¹ Ô ­Õþ¾Ù³‗Ó‗Õ þÓÛÓÙÛÞ ±‗ÓÙÞ ´¯Ù¾¸ÓÙÞ ýÓ­‗ÕݱÞ‗ݾ■ ±‗­¾Û‗¾­¾ Þ ±¯§­ÓÝ ÙÞ ýÕÙÛ¯Õ þխݯ Þ ÝÕ­Ó±‗Ô¯­ßÝÝ¹Õ ¸Ó±‗Þ÷¹ Ô‗¯­Þ¸Ý¯Ò¯

÷ÕýÕÝ‗Þ‗Ó. ÃÓÛÓÙÛ¾ ´­¯Ô¯õ ‗ Ô Ô¯õÕ ÞÙÞ Ô¯õݹ§ ­Ó±‗Ô¯­Ó§ ±¯ÙÕÚ. ╠ÕÙÛÞÚ Þݱ‗­¾ýÕÝ‗ Þþ ±‗ÓÙÕÚ Ë10-Ë12 õÙ  ¾ÞÕݳ°ÕÝÞ  õÕ¶¯­ýÓ÷ÞÚ ¯§ÙÓµõÓ■‗ Ô Ò¯-

­ ¸Þ§ ±­ÕõÓ§ ( ±‗¾´ÕݸÓ‗Ó  þÓÛÓÙÛÓ ).

╬‗´¾±Û ´­¯Ô¯õ ‗ ´­Þ 150-170⁰ Ð õÙ  ±¯§­ÓÝÕÝÞ  Ô¹±¯Û¯Ú ‗Ô©­õ¯±‗Þ

( 62-63 HRC ).

Ð‗ÓÙ³ Ë7 þÓÛÓÙÞÔÓ■‗ ± ÝÓÒ­ÕÔ¯ý Ô¹°Õ ‗¯¸ÛÞ └±_>3> ( 800-820⁰ Ð ) Þ ´¯õ- ÔÕ­ÒÓ■‗ ¯‗´¾±Û¾ ´­Þ 275-325 ⁰ Ð ( 48-58 HRC ).

ËÒÙÕ­¯õÞ±‗¹Õ ±‗ÓÙÞ ý¯µÝ¯ Þ±´¯Ù³þ¯ÔÓ‗³ Ô ÛÓ¸Õ±‗ÔÕ ­Õµ¾¨Õ‗¯ Þݱ‗­¾- ýÕÝ‗Ó ‗¯Ù³Û¯ õÙ  ­ÕþÓݳ  ýÓ‗Õ­ÞÓÙ¯Ô ± ýÓÙ¯Ú ±Û¯­¯±‗³■, ‗ÓÛ ÛÓÛ Þ§ Ô¹±¯-

ÛÓ  ‗Ô©­õ¯±‗³ ±Þٳݯ ±ÝÞµÓÕ‗±  ´­Þ ÝÓÒ­ÕÔÕ Ô¹°Õ 190-200 ⁰ Ð. _> >

2. ─ÞÓÒ­ÓýýÓ ±¯±‗¯ ÝÞ  µÕÙÕþ¯-ÛÓ­ßÞõ µÕÙÕþÓ.

Ð‗ÓÙÞ, ±¯õÕ­µÓ¨ÞÕ ¯‗ 0,8 õ¯ 2.14 % Ð, ÝÓþ¹ÔÓ■‗ þÓ²Ô‗ÕÛ‗¯ÞõݹýÞ.

┬ ÝÓ¸ÓÙÕ ÝÓÒ­ÕÔÓÝÞ  þÓ²Ô‗ÕÛ‗¯ÞõÝ¹Ú ±´ÙÓÔ ÞýÕÕ‗ ±‗­¾Û‗¾­¾ ´Õ­ÙÞ‗Ó Þ

Ô‗¯­Þ¸Ý¯Ò¯ ÷ÕýÕÝ‗Þ‗Ó.

¤­Þ ´¯Ô¹°ÕÝÞÞ ‗Õý´Õ­Ó‗¾­¹ õ¯ 727⁰ Ð ±´ÙÓÔ ´­¯±‗¯ ÝÓÒ­ÕÔÓÕ‗± . ┬ ‗.1 ´­¯Þ±§¯õÞ‗ ²Ô‗ÕÛ‗¯ÞõÝ¯Õ ´­ÕÔ­Ó¨ÕÝÞÕ, ´Õ­ÙÞ‗ ´­ÕÔ­Ó¨ÓÕ‗±  Ô Ó¾±‗ÕÝÞ‗. ╬‗ ‗¯¸ÛÞ 1 õ¯ ‗¯¸ÛÞ 2 ±´ÙÓÔ¹ ÞýÕ■‗ ±‗­¾Û‗¾­¾ Ó¾±‗ÕÝÞ‗ + Ô‗¯­Þ¸Ý¹Ú ÷ÕýÕÝ- ‗Þ‗. ¤¯ ýÕ­Õ ´­ÞßÙÞµÕÝÞ  Û ‗¯¸ÛÞ 2 Û¯Ý÷ÕÝ‗­Ó÷Þ  ¾ÒÙÕ­¯õÓ Ô Ó¾±‗ÕÝÞ‗Õ ¾ÔÕÙÞ¸ÞÔÓÕ‗±  ±¯ÒÙӱݯ ÙÞÝÞÞ SE.

¤­Þ ‗Õý´Õ­Ó‗¾­Ó§, ±¯¯‗ÔÕ‗±‗Ô¾■¨Þ§ ÙÞÝÞÞ SE ( ‗.2 ), Ó¾±‗ÕÝÞ‗ ¯ÛÓþ¹ÔÓÕ‗±  ÝÓ±¹¨ÕÝݹý ¾ÒÙÕ­¯õ¯ý, Þ ´­Þ ´¯Ô¹°ÕÝÞÞ ‗Õý´Õ­Ó‗¾­¹ ±´ÙÓÔ ÞýÕÕ‗ ±‗­¾Û- ‗¾­¾ ‗¯Ù³Û¯ Ó¾±‗ÕÝÞ‗Ó. ─¯ ‗¯¸ÛÞ 3 Ô ±´ÙÓÔÕ ÝÕ ´­¯Þ±§¯õÞ‗ ÝÞÛÓÛÞ§ ÞþýÕÝÕ- ÝÞÚ, ´­¯±‗¯ ¾ÔÞÙÞ¸ÞÔÓÕ‗±  ‗Õý´Õ­Ó‗¾­Ó.

¤­Þ ´¯Ô¹°ÕÝÞÞ ‗Õý´Õ­Ó‗¾­¹ Ô ‗¯¸ÛÞ 3 ‗Ô©­õ¹Ú Ó¾±‗ÕÝÞ‗ ÝÓ¸ÞÝÓÕ‗ ´ÙÓÔÞ- ‗³± . Ð‗­¾Û‗¾­Ó ±‗ÓݯÔÞ‗±  µÞõÛ¯±‗³+Ó¾±‗ÕÝÞ‗. ─¯ ‗¯¸ÛÞ 4 ±´ÙÓÔ ´­¯õ¯Ù- µÓÕ‗ ´ÙÓÔÞ‗³± .

┬ ‗¯¸ÛÕ 4 ´¯õ ÔÙÞ ÝÞÕý Ô¹±¯Û¯Ú ‗Õý´Õ­Ó‗¾­¹ ÔÕ±³ Ó¾±‗ÕÝÞ‗ ­Ó±´ÙÓÔÙ - Õ‗± . Ð‗­¾Û‗¾­Ó ±‗ÓݯÔÞ‗±  - µÞõÛ¯±‗³.

3. ¤­Þ ÝÓÒ­ÕÔÕ Ô¹°Õ ‗Õý´Õ­Ó‗¾­¹ 727⁰ Ð ¸Þ±Ù¯ þÓ­¯õ¹°ÕÚ Ô±ÕÒõÓ õ¯±‗Ó‗¯- ¸Ý¯ ÔÕÙÞÛ¯ Þ ÝÓ¸ÓÙ³Ý¯Õ þӭݯ Ó¾±‗ÕÝÞ‗Ó ýÕÙÛ¯Õ. ÎÕý Ô¹°Õ ±Û¯­¯±‗³ ÝÓÒ­Õ- ÔÓ, ‗Õý ýÕݳ°Õ þխݯ Ó¾±‗ÕÝÞ‗Ó, ‗ÓÛ ÛÓÛ ±Û¯­¯±‗³ ¯ß­Óþ¯ÔÓÝÞ  þÓ­¯õ¹°ÕÚ Ô¹°Õ, ¸Õý ±Û¯­¯±‗³ Þ§ ­¯±‗Ó.

¤­Þ õÓÙ³ÝÕÚ°Õý ´¯Ô¹°ÕÝÞÞ ‗Õý´Õ­Ó‗¾­¹ ÞÙÞ ¾ÔÕÙÞ¸ÕÝÞÞ õÙÞ‗Õٳݯ±‗Þ

Ô¹õÕ­µÛÞ ´­Þ õÓÝÝ¯Ú ‗Õý´Õ­Ó‗¾­Õ ´­¯Þ±§¯õÞ‗ ±¯ßÞ­Ó‗ÕÙ³ÝÓ  ­ÕÛ­Þ±‗ÓÙ- ÙÞþÓ÷Þ  Þ þխݯ ¾ÔÕÙÞ¸ÞÓÕ‗± . ð¯±‗ þÕ­ÝÓ, ¯ß­Óþ¯ÔÓÔ°ÕÒ¯±  ´­Þ ÝÓÒ­ÕÔÕ õ¯

õÓÝÝ¯Ú ‗Õý´Õ­Ó‗¾­¹, Õ‗Õ±‗ÔÕÝݯ, ÝÕ ÞþýÕÝ Õ‗±  ´­Þ ´¯±ÙÕõ¾■¨Þý ¯§ÙÓµõÕ- ÝÞÞ

д¯±¯ßݯ±‗³ þÕ­ÝÓ Ó¾±‗ÕÝÞ‗Ó Û ­¯±‗¾ þÕ­ÝÓ ÝÕ¯õÞÝÓÛ¯ÔÓ õÓµÕ ¾ ±‗ÓÙÕÚ ¯õݯү ýÓ­¯¸Ý¯Ò¯ ±¯±‗ÓÔÓ Ô±ÙÕõ±‗ÔÞÕ ÔÙÞ ÝÞ  ¾±Ù¯ÔÞÚ Þ§ Ô¹´ÙÓÔÛÞ.

¤¯ ±ÛÙ¯Ýݯ±‗Þ Û ­¯±‗¾ þÕ­ÝÓ ­ÓþÙÞÓ■‗ õÔÓ ´­ÕõÕٳݹ§ ‗Þ´Ó ±‗ÓÙÕÚ:

ÝÓ±ÙÕõ±‗ÔÕÝݯ ýÕÙÛ¯þÕ­ÝÞ±‗¹Õ Þ ÝÓ±ÙÕõ±‗ÔÕÝݯ Û­¾´Ý¯þÕ­ÝÞ±‗¹Õ.

┬ ÝÓ±ÙÕõ±‗ÔÕÝݯ ýÕÙÛ¯þÕ­ÝÞ±‗¯Ú ±‗ÓÙÞ ´­Þ ÝÓÒ­ÕÔÕ õ¯ Ô¹±¯ÛÞ§ ‗Õý´Õ­Ó- ‗¾­ ( 1000-1050⁰ Ð ) þխݯ ¾ÔÕÙÞ¸ÞÔÓÕ‗±  ÝÕþÝÓ¸Þ‗Õٳݯ, ¯õÝÓÛ¯ ´­Þ ߯ÙÕÕ Ô¹±¯Û¯ý ÝÓÒ­ÕÔÕ ÝÓ±‗¾´ÓÕ‗ ß¾­Ý¹Ú ­¯±‗ þÕ­ÝÓ. ┬ ÝÓ±ÙÕõ±‗ÔÕÝݯ Û­¾´Ý¯þÕ­- ÝÞ±‗¯Ú ±‗ÓÙÞ, Ýӯ߯­¯‗, ±ÞÙ³Ý¹Ú ­¯±‗ þÕ­ÝÓ ÝÓßÙ■õÓÕ‗±  õÓµÕ ´­Þ ÝÕþÝÓ- ¸Þ‗Õٳݯý ´Õ­ÕÒ­ÕÔÕ Ô¹°Õ 727⁰ Ð. ðÓþÙÞ¸ÝÓ  ±ÛÙ¯Ýݯ±‗³ Û ­¯±‗¾ þÕ­ÝÓ ¯´- ­ÕõÕÙ Õ‗±  ¾±Ù¯ÔÞ ýÞ ­Ó±ÛÞ±ÙÕÝÞ  ±‗ÓÙÞ Þ Õ© ±¯±‗ÓÔ¯ý.

ÎÕý ýÕݳ¨Õ þխݯ, ‗Õý Ô¹°Õ ´­¯¸Ý¯±‗³ (_>Ô >_>‗>_>>), ´ÙÓ±‗޸ݯ±‗³ () Þ Ô þÛ¯±‗³ ( KCU, KCT ), ÝÞµÕ ´¯­¯Ò §ÙÓõݯٯýÛ¯±‗Þ ( t_>50> ) Þ ýÕݳ°Õ ±ÛÙ¯- Ýݯ±‗³ Û §­¾´Û¯ý¾ ­Óþ­¾°ÕÝÞ■. ËýÕݳ¨Ó  ­ÓþýÕ­ þÕ­ÝÓ Ó¾±‗ÕÝÞ‗Ó, ý¯µÝ¯ Û¯ý´Õݱޭ¯ÔÓ‗³ ¯‗­Þ÷Ó‗ÕÙ³Ý¯Õ ÔÙÞ ÝÞÕ õ­¾ÒÞ§ ýÕ§ÓÝÞþý¯Ô ¾´­¯¸ÝÕÝÞ  ÝÓ ´¯­¯Ò §ÙÓõݯٯýÛ¯±‗Þ.

╦ÕÒÞ­¾■¨ÞÕ ²ÙÕýÕÝ‗¹, ¯±¯ßÕÝݯ ÛÓ­ßÞõ¯¯ß­Óþ¾■¨ÞÕ ( ÝÞ‗­Þõ¯¯ß­Óþ¾■- ¨ÞÕ ) þÓõÕ­µÞÓ■‗ ­¯±‗ þÕ­ÝÓ Ó¾±‗ÕÝÞ‗Ó. ═ÓÞ߯ÙÕÕ ±Þٳݯ õÕÚ±‗Ô¾■‗ Ti,

V, Nb, Zr, Al, Þ N, ¯ß­Óþ¾■¨ÞÕ ‗­¾õݯ ­Ó±‗Ô¯­Þý¹Õ Ô Ó¾±‗ÕÝÞ‗Õ ÛÓ­ßÞõ¹

( ÝÞ‗­Þõ¹ ), Û¯‗¯­¹Õ ±Ù¾µÓ‗ ßÓ­³Õ­¯ý õÙ  ­¯±‗Ó þÕ­ÝÓ. ÎÕý ߯ٳ°Õ ¯ß·- ©ýÝÓ  õ¯Ù  ÛÓ­ßÞõ¯Ô ( ÝÞ‗­Þõ¯Ô ) Þ Ô¹°Õ Þ§ õÞ±´Õ­±‗ݯ±‗³ ( ýÕݳ°Õ ­ÓþýÕ­ ), ‗Õý ýÕÙ³¸Õ þխݯ Ó¾±‗ÕÝÞ‗Ó. ╬õݯԭÕýÕÝݯ ÝÕ­Ó±‗Ô¯­Þý¹Õ ÛÓ­- ßÞõ¹ ( ÝÓ‗­Þõ¹ ) ¯ÛÓþ¹ÔÓ■‗ þÓ­¯õ¹°Ý¯Õ ÔÙÞ ÝÞÕ ÝÓ ¯ß­Óþ¯ÔÓÝÞÕ Ý¯Ô¹§ þ©­ÕÝ Ó¾±‗ÕÝÞ‗Ó, ¸‗¯ ‗ÓÛµÕ ´­ÞÔ¯õÞ‗ Û ´¯Ù¾¸ÕÝÞ■ ߯ÙÕÕ ýÕÙÛ¯Ò¯ þÕ­ÝÓ. ╠Ó­ÒÓÝÕ÷ Þ ¶¯±¶¯­ ±´¯±¯ß±‗Ô¾■‗ ­¯±‗¾ þÕ­ÝÓ Ó¾±‗ÕÝÞ‗Ó.

┬±Õ ýÕ‗¯õ¹, Ô¹þ¹ÔÓ■¨ÞÕ ÞþýÕÙ³¸ÕÝÞÕ þÕ­ÝÓ Ó¾±‗ÕÝÞ‗Ó, - ýÞÛ­¯ÙÕÒÞ­¯ÔÓÝÞÕ ( V, Ti, Nb Þ õ­.), Ô¹±¯ÛÞÕ ±Û¯­¯±‗Þ ÝÓÒ­ÕÔÓ Þ õ­. - ´¯Ô¹°Ó■‗ ۯݱ‗­¾Û÷Þ¯Ý- ݾ■ ´­¯¸Ý¯±‗³ ±‗ÓÙÞ.

╩­¾´Ý¯Õ þխݯ ±‗­Õý ‗±  ´¯Ù¾¸Þ‗³ ‗¯Ù³Û¯ Ô ²ÙÕÛ‗­¯‗Õ§ÝÞ¸Õ±ÛÞ§ ( ‗­Óݱ- ¶¯­ýÓ‗¯­Ý¹§ ) ±‗ÓÙ §, ¸‗¯ß¹ ¾Ù¾¸°Þ‗³ Þ§ ýÓÒÝÞ‗Ý¹Õ ±Ô¯Ú±‗ÔÓ. _> >

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